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espostoa_britton_et_rose_v2 [2010/12/14 18:51] – alainespostoa_britton_et_rose_v2 [2011/01/02 19:00] – alain
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-Graham Charles, Briars Bank, Fosters Bridge, Ketton, Stamford, PE9 3BF England +Cet article est basé sur l'original écrit par Graham Charles et publié dans le [[British Cactus and Succulent Journal|http://www.bcss.org.uk/]] 17(2): 69-79 (1999). \\  
 +Vous en trouverez une traduction sur le Cactus Francophone : [[http://www.cactuspro.com/articles/espostoa_britton_et_rose_par_graham_charles|Espostoa Br.& R.]]\\  
 +\\  
 +Il est ici modifié et corrigé à la lumière de nouvelles découvertes.\\  
 +\\  
 +Notez que dans l'article original, la fig 1. à la page 68 a été incorrectement légendée. On doit lire "//Espostoa melanostele// dans le Canyon Tinajas, près de Lima GC157.04"
  
-E-mail: [[mailto:graham.charles@btinternet.com|graham.charles@btinternet.com]] 
  
-Based on the original article published in the British Cactus and Succulent Journal 17(2): 69-79 (1999) and here modified and corrected (2010) in the light of more research. Please note that in the original article, Fig. 1 on page 68 was incorrectly captioned and should read '//Espostoa melanostele// in the Tinajas Canyon, near Lima GC157.04'+----
  
----- 
  
 Although cerei are not the most popular cacti for growers restricted by cultivation in glasshouses, almost all collections have at least one representative of this beautiful genus. Most species are easy to cultivate and the hairy stems of many species make them an attractive addition to any collection, even in a small glasshouse. In pots, they are slower growing than many cerei, a factor which also makes them good show plants, frequently seen winning the Cereus class. For exhibitors, those species with stems covered with white hair catch the judge's eye. The hair can also hide minor blemishes on the stem which would more likely get spotted and count against other less covered species! Although cerei are not the most popular cacti for growers restricted by cultivation in glasshouses, almost all collections have at least one representative of this beautiful genus. Most species are easy to cultivate and the hairy stems of many species make them an attractive addition to any collection, even in a small glasshouse. In pots, they are slower growing than many cerei, a factor which also makes them good show plants, frequently seen winning the Cereus class. For exhibitors, those species with stems covered with white hair catch the judge's eye. The hair can also hide minor blemishes on the stem which would more likely get spotted and count against other less covered species!
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 The flowers of Espostoa are nocturnal, usually white, and are borne over the length of the cephalium. //Espostoa (Thrixanthocereus) senilis// has purple-pink nocturnal flowers. I wonder why this species has evolved flowers of this colour? The main pollinators are said to be bats, but moths and flying insects are also likely to be involved. Espostoas in the strict sense have berry-like fruits that remain largely buried in the wool of the cephalium until ejected whole when ripe, eventually splitting to reveal the black seeds. These berries are reported to be sweet and are eaten by the local people. The flowers of Espostoa are nocturnal, usually white, and are borne over the length of the cephalium. //Espostoa (Thrixanthocereus) senilis// has purple-pink nocturnal flowers. I wonder why this species has evolved flowers of this colour? The main pollinators are said to be bats, but moths and flying insects are also likely to be involved. Espostoas in the strict sense have berry-like fruits that remain largely buried in the wool of the cephalium until ejected whole when ripe, eventually splitting to reveal the black seeds. These berries are reported to be sweet and are eaten by the local people.
  
-In cultivation in northern Europe, Espostoas enjoy a full sun location with plenty of root room and generous watering in the summer. The species from the warmer, low altitude habitats are sensitive to cold and should be kept at a minimum of 10°C. Such species include //E. mirabilis, E. blossfeldiorum, E. senilis, E. calva //and// E. utcubambensis//. Young plants of //E. melanostele// and //E. melanostele //ssp.// nana// are particularly attractive, their 'cotton wool' covering making them look like shaving brushes. These two species are also amongst the slowest growing, so making them particularly suitable for showing. A well grown //E. melanostele// will be about 25cm (10inches) tall after 10 years.+In cultivation in northern Europe, Espostoas enjoy a full sun location with plenty of root room and generous watering in the summer. The species from the warmer, low altitude habitats are sensitive to cold and should be kept at a minimum of 10°C. Such species include //E. mirabilis, E. blossfeldiorum, E. calva //and// E. utcubambensis//. Young plants of //E. melanostele// and //E. melanostele //ssp.// nana// are particularly attractive, their 'cotton wool' covering making them look like shaving brushes. These two species are also amongst the slowest growing, so making them particularly suitable for showing. A well grown //E. melanostele// will be about 25cm (10inches) tall after 10 years.
  
 Some notes about the individual species follow. I have rationalised the list by including some names as synonyms of previously described species. In some cases, these synonyms are recognisable forms which may have horticultural value and so be worth retaining as names in your collection. I have not listed all the old synonyms for each species but these can be found by consulting Ritter's 'Kakteen in Südamerika' Band 4. Some notes about the individual species follow. I have rationalised the list by including some names as synonyms of previously described species. In some cases, these synonyms are recognisable forms which may have horticultural value and so be worth retaining as names in your collection. I have not listed all the old synonyms for each species but these can be found by consulting Ritter's 'Kakteen in Südamerika' Band 4.
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 =====Espostoa blossfeldiorum (Werd) Buxbaum===== =====Espostoa blossfeldiorum (Werd) Buxbaum=====
  
-Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 106: 155 1959+**Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 106: 155 1959**
  
 syn: //Thrixanthocereus blossfeldiorum// (Werd) Backeberg syn: //Thrixanthocereus blossfeldiorum// (Werd) Backeberg
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 =====Espostoa calva Ritter===== =====Espostoa calva Ritter=====
  
-Kakteen in Südamerika 4:1432 (1981)+**Kakteen in Südamerika 4:1432 (1981)**
  
 In my original article, I misapplied this name to the //Espostoa// in the Utcubamba Valley, now described as //E. utcubambensis//. In fact, the habitat of //E. calva// is high above the Marañon river to the east of Balsas. At first, I failed to spot it from the road because its hairless green stems are difficult to see against the leafy trees amongst which it grows. Most of the hillsides are quite bare, but groups of trees and bushes grow in favourable places such as in the grooves on the hills where streams run in the rainy season.  In my original article, I misapplied this name to the //Espostoa// in the Utcubamba Valley, now described as //E. utcubambensis//. In fact, the habitat of //E. calva// is high above the Marañon river to the east of Balsas. At first, I failed to spot it from the road because its hairless green stems are difficult to see against the leafy trees amongst which it grows. Most of the hillsides are quite bare, but groups of trees and bushes grow in favourable places such as in the grooves on the hills where streams run in the rainy season. 
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 =====Espostoa frutescens Madsen===== =====Espostoa frutescens Madsen=====
  
-Flora of Ecuador 35:36-37 (1989)+**Flora of Ecuador 35:36-37 (1989)**
  
 This is the most recently described and the most northerly species, first appearing in No 35, part 45 of the Flora of Ecuador in which Jens Madsen, a Danish botanist, documented all the cacti of that country. This is the most recently described and the most northerly species, first appearing in No 35, part 45 of the Flora of Ecuador in which Jens Madsen, a Danish botanist, documented all the cacti of that country.
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 =====Espostoa huanucoensis Ritter===== =====Espostoa huanucoensis Ritter=====
  
-Kakteen in Südamerika 4:1435, 1981+**Kakteen in Südamerika 4:1435, 1981**
  
 From further inland and south, Ritter described another species, //E. huanucoensis//, from near Huánuco which is in the Huallaga river system, to the east of the Marañon river. Here it grows in extensive stands on the hillsides as pictured in Ritter's book (1981). This taxon has been treated as a subspecies of //E. lanata// but now I have seen it, I consider it to be a good species. The branching habit is different from //E. lanata// and it has white fruits. From further inland and south, Ritter described another species, //E. huanucoensis//, from near Huánuco which is in the Huallaga river system, to the east of the Marañon river. Here it grows in extensive stands on the hillsides as pictured in Ritter's book (1981). This taxon has been treated as a subspecies of //E. lanata// but now I have seen it, I consider it to be a good species. The branching habit is different from //E. lanata// and it has white fruits.
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 This is a particularly attractive species to grow, the seedlings are densely hairy and unusually stout when small. Seed was supplied by Knize some years ago, but I have not seen many plants in collections. This is a particularly attractive species to grow, the seedlings are densely hairy and unusually stout when small. Seed was supplied by Knize some years ago, but I have not seen many plants in collections.
  
-=====Espostoa hylaea Ritter=====+=====Espostoa hylaea  Ritter=====
  
-Taxon 13 (4): 143 1964+**Taxon 13 (4): 143 1964**
  
 One of the more recently described species resulting from the extensive explorations of Friedrich Ritter. It comes from the transitional zone between the tropical jungle and the dry forest in the Bagua province of the Peruvian department of Amazonas. Ritter says it is related to //E. superba// and //E. ritteri//, found nearby, and that it is well defined with no intermediates found. I saw it near Pongo de Rentema on steep cliffs near the Marañon river. It is characterised by its more slender stems than other Espostoas and the narrow cephalium. Ritter illustrates its large wide opening flowers in his book 'Kakteen in Südamerika' 1981.  One of the more recently described species resulting from the extensive explorations of Friedrich Ritter. It comes from the transitional zone between the tropical jungle and the dry forest in the Bagua province of the Peruvian department of Amazonas. Ritter says it is related to //E. superba// and //E. ritteri//, found nearby, and that it is well defined with no intermediates found. I saw it near Pongo de Rentema on steep cliffs near the Marañon river. It is characterised by its more slender stems than other Espostoas and the narrow cephalium. Ritter illustrates its large wide opening flowers in his book 'Kakteen in Südamerika' 1981. 
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 =====Espostoa lanata (Kunth) Br.& R.===== =====Espostoa lanata (Kunth) Br.& R.=====
  
-The Cactaceae Vol.II:60-63, 1920+**The Cactaceae Vol.II:60-63, 1920**
  
 This, the first plant to be discovered which would be classified as an Espostoa, was found by Humboldt at Guancabamba in Ecuador and described by Kunth as //Cactus lanatus// in 1823 . It became the type species of the new genus //Espostoa// when Britton and Rose erected the genus in 1920. Today, Huancabamba is in Peru, the border with Ecuador having moved northwards.  This, the first plant to be discovered which would be classified as an Espostoa, was found by Humboldt at Guancabamba in Ecuador and described by Kunth as //Cactus lanatus// in 1823 . It became the type species of the new genus //Espostoa// when Britton and Rose erected the genus in 1920. Today, Huancabamba is in Peru, the border with Ecuador having moved northwards. 
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 =====Espostoa lanianuligera Ritter===== =====Espostoa lanianuligera Ritter=====
  
-Kakteen in Südamerika 4:1443-4, 1981+**Kakteen in Südamerika 4:1443-4, 1981**
  
 This is another of Ritter's species which he said is related to //E. lanata//. In fact, it probably does not deserve specific status and would be better treated as a variety or form of //E. lanata//. It is a spectacular plant, growing up to 5m high with many branches. It has prominent ivory-coloured spines which protrude through the wool, a feature that is retained in cultivation. The DeHerdt collection in Belgium had a beautiful specimen in free root run and the nursery often listed seed of this splendid Espostoa for sale. This is my favourite form of the //E. lanata// complex. This is another of Ritter's species which he said is related to //E. lanata//. In fact, it probably does not deserve specific status and would be better treated as a variety or form of //E. lanata//. It is a spectacular plant, growing up to 5m high with many branches. It has prominent ivory-coloured spines which protrude through the wool, a feature that is retained in cultivation. The DeHerdt collection in Belgium had a beautiful specimen in free root run and the nursery often listed seed of this splendid Espostoa for sale. This is my favourite form of the //E. lanata// complex.
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 =====Espostoa melanostele (Vaupel) Borg===== =====Espostoa melanostele (Vaupel) Borg=====
  
-Cacti:112 1937+**Cacti:112 1937**
  
 This species was known to Britton and Rose when they erected their genus //Espostoa// but they included it in their other new genus //Binghamia//. They pictured a plant of this species as an example of their //Espostoa lanata //apparently without realising that their illustration was the plant Vaupel had described in 1913. Ritter makes a case for saying that //Pilosocereus haagei// Ruempl. is the oldest name for this species, but this is not certain enough to accept, so this old name is usually discarded as being of uncertain attribution. Backeberg created the genus //Pseudoespostoa// in 1934 to accommodate this species and later included //E. nana //also. The reasons he gave for the separation were the glossy black seeds, as well as minor differences in the cephalium and fruit. This species was known to Britton and Rose when they erected their genus //Espostoa// but they included it in their other new genus //Binghamia//. They pictured a plant of this species as an example of their //Espostoa lanata //apparently without realising that their illustration was the plant Vaupel had described in 1913. Ritter makes a case for saying that //Pilosocereus haagei// Ruempl. is the oldest name for this species, but this is not certain enough to accept, so this old name is usually discarded as being of uncertain attribution. Backeberg created the genus //Pseudoespostoa// in 1934 to accommodate this species and later included //E. nana //also. The reasons he gave for the separation were the glossy black seeds, as well as minor differences in the cephalium and fruit.
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 =====Espostoa melanostele subsp. nana (Ritter) Charles===== =====Espostoa melanostele subsp. nana (Ritter) Charles=====
  
-Cactaceae Systematics Initiatives 14:15 (2002)+**Cactaceae Systematics Initiatives 14:15 (2002)**
  
 Originally published as a separate species by Ritter in 1964, this taxon is very like //E. melanostele// except that it forms broader, shorter clumps. Like //E. melanostele//, it was included by Backeberg in his genus //Pseudoespostoa// since it has the same glossy black seeds. It has a pale-coloured cephalium rather than the dark brown of //E. melanostele// and less ribs. It also grows further inland and at higher altitude than //E. melanostele// in the valley of the river Santa near to Huallanca, but it is very similar so I made it a subspecies of //E. melanostele// when preparing for the New Cactus Lexicon. Originally published as a separate species by Ritter in 1964, this taxon is very like //E. melanostele// except that it forms broader, shorter clumps. Like //E. melanostele//, it was included by Backeberg in his genus //Pseudoespostoa// since it has the same glossy black seeds. It has a pale-coloured cephalium rather than the dark brown of //E. melanostele// and less ribs. It also grows further inland and at higher altitude than //E. melanostele// in the valley of the river Santa near to Huallanca, but it is very similar so I made it a subspecies of //E. melanostele// when preparing for the New Cactus Lexicon.
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 =====Espostoa mirabilis Ritter===== =====Espostoa mirabilis Ritter=====
  
-Taxon 13 (4):143 1964+**Taxon 13 (4):143 1964**
  
 A very distinct species from the Marañon river gorge near Balsas and further south. It forms a clump of stems branching from the base, each reaching 2 to 4m high. It is less hairy than most Espostoas and the cephalium is made of unusually dark brown wool. Its habitat is the steep sides of the gorge from river level up to about 1600m, over which range it is very plentiful. Plants I have seen in cultivation of //E. baumannii// Knize look like the same plant and are reported to occur just south of Balsas. A very distinct species from the Marañon river gorge near Balsas and further south. It forms a clump of stems branching from the base, each reaching 2 to 4m high. It is less hairy than most Espostoas and the cephalium is made of unusually dark brown wool. Its habitat is the steep sides of the gorge from river level up to about 1600m, over which range it is very plentiful. Plants I have seen in cultivation of //E. baumannii// Knize look like the same plant and are reported to occur just south of Balsas.
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 =====Espostoa mirabilis v. primigena Ritter===== =====Espostoa mirabilis v. primigena Ritter=====
  
-Taxon 13 (4):143 1964+**Taxon 13 (4):143 1964**
  
 Ritter describes this variety from El Chagual, another location on the Marañon river where a road crosses it, to the south (upriver) of Balsas. He says that this plant is similar to his //E. ruficeps// which occurs even further south, also near to the Marañon. When I visited El Chagual, the Espostoas there were very variable in size, spination and cephalium. They made me wonder if I was observing a population of hybrids, perhaps between //E. mirabilis// and //E. lanata// forms. Ritter describes this variety from El Chagual, another location on the Marañon river where a road crosses it, to the south (upriver) of Balsas. He says that this plant is similar to his //E. ruficeps// which occurs even further south, also near to the Marañon. When I visited El Chagual, the Espostoas there were very variable in size, spination and cephalium. They made me wonder if I was observing a population of hybrids, perhaps between //E. mirabilis// and //E. lanata// forms.
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 =====Espostoa ruficeps Ritter===== =====Espostoa ruficeps Ritter=====
  
-Kakteen in Südamerika 4: 1448, 1981+**Kakteen in Südamerika 4: 1448, 1981**
  
 This is a freely branching species related to //E. lanata// but with thinner stems and less tall, growing to just 2.5m high. I saw it on steep slopes near to Rahuapampa at 2400m. Also growing there I saw a single plant of what I think must be hybrid of Espostoa. It did not have a continuous cephalium, but a number of tufts of fine spines near the top of the stems. I can only guess that this plant was a hybrid with the //Matucana comacephala// which also grew on the hillside. Ritter mentions hybrids of Espostoa in his book, including ones with Matucana. This is a freely branching species related to //E. lanata// but with thinner stems and less tall, growing to just 2.5m high. I saw it on steep slopes near to Rahuapampa at 2400m. Also growing there I saw a single plant of what I think must be hybrid of Espostoa. It did not have a continuous cephalium, but a number of tufts of fine spines near the top of the stems. I can only guess that this plant was a hybrid with the //Matucana comacephala// which also grew on the hillside. Ritter mentions hybrids of Espostoa in his book, including ones with Matucana.
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 =====Espostoa senilis (Ritter) N.P.Taylor===== =====Espostoa senilis (Ritter) N.P.Taylor=====
  
-Cact. & Succ. J. Gr. Brit. 40(2):54, 1978.+**Cact. & Succ. J. Gr. Brit. 40(2):54, 1978.**
  
 syn: //Thrixanthocereus senilis// Ritter syn: //Thrixanthocereus senilis// Ritter
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 The stems, which grow up to 4m high, are branched and densely covered in white spines making this one of the finest species for cultivation. The cephalium can be formed in cultivation when the plant is about 1m high from which the unusual deep pink nocturnal flowers are produced. It is slower growing than //E. blossfeldiorum// but flowering specimens are often seen in European glasshouses. I have had a few flowers on one of my plants which was then about 1m high. The stems, which grow up to 4m high, are branched and densely covered in white spines making this one of the finest species for cultivation. The cephalium can be formed in cultivation when the plant is about 1m high from which the unusual deep pink nocturnal flowers are produced. It is slower growing than //E. blossfeldiorum// but flowering specimens are often seen in European glasshouses. I have had a few flowers on one of my plants which was then about 1m high.
  
-This species is reported from only a few localities in Ancash and La Libertad. I have seen it near to Rahuapampa, growing on steep slopes amongst quite dense low vegetation following an unusually wet rainy season. Quite a number of the largest stems were dying back from the tips but new vigorous branches were growing from lower down. Only a few plants had cephalia and (in April) I found neither flowers nor fruits. It is unfortunate that seed is only occasionally offered for sale but I recommend you to grow it if you get the chance.+This species is reported from only a few localities in Ancash and La Libertad, perhaps influenced by the type of rock. I have seen it near to Rahuapampa, growing on steep slopes amongst quite dense low vegetation following an unusually wet rainy season. Quite a number of the largest stems were dying back from the tips but new vigorous branches were growing from lower down. Only a few plants had cephalia and (in April) I found neither flowers nor fruits. It is unfortunate that seed is only occasionally offered for sale but I recommend you to grow it if you get the chance.
  
 =====Espostoa superba Ritter===== =====Espostoa superba Ritter=====
  
-KuaS 11(6): 85, 1960+**KuaS 11(6): 85, 1960**
  
 Another of Ritter's discoveries, this tall species grows amongst dense bushes and trees where the tops of the stems protrude above the mass of tree branches. These stems are noticeably fastigiate and closer together than //E. lanata// and its fruits are white. Its distribution is restricted to near the city of Jaen, west of the junction of the Marañon and Chamaya rivers. I was only able to find a few plants. They were north of the city on steep slopes and fortunately there was a single white fruit lying on the ground below one of these tall plants. The cephalia were out of reach so it was impossible to search for fruits hidden in the wool. Another of Ritter's discoveries, this tall species grows amongst dense bushes and trees where the tops of the stems protrude above the mass of tree branches. These stems are noticeably fastigiate and closer together than //E. lanata// and its fruits are white. Its distribution is restricted to near the city of Jaen, west of the junction of the Marañon and Chamaya rivers. I was only able to find a few plants. They were north of the city on steep slopes and fortunately there was a single white fruit lying on the ground below one of these tall plants. The cephalia were out of reach so it was impossible to search for fruits hidden in the wool.
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 =====Espostoa utcubambensis Charles===== =====Espostoa utcubambensis Charles=====
  
-BCSJ 21(2): 69-74, 2003+**BCSJ 21(2): 69-74, 2003**
  
 This is a very interesting and distinctive plant. It lacks the covering of hair usually associated with Espostoas but in other respects is much like the other species. It is found only in the valley of the Utcubamba river where it is extremely common between 1800 and 2400m, growing on the steep valley sides often amongst a dense covering of trees. This easterly locality receives plentiful rainfall in the summer resulting in the lush growth of vegetation, which includes Rhipsalis growing over rocks and many bromeliads flourishing in the trees. This is a very interesting and distinctive plant. It lacks the covering of hair usually associated with Espostoas but in other respects is much like the other species. It is found only in the valley of the Utcubamba river where it is extremely common between 1800 and 2400m, growing on the steep valley sides often amongst a dense covering of trees. This easterly locality receives plentiful rainfall in the summer resulting in the lush growth of vegetation, which includes Rhipsalis growing over rocks and many bromeliads flourishing in the trees.
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 In my original article, I misidentified this taxon as //Espostoa calva//, a species I had not seen at the time and, although also naked, //E. calva// has greener stems and a cephalium with yellow-brown wool. //E. utcubambensis// makes a tree up to 9m high, the tallest species in the genus. In places, it makes dense stands on the steep rocky slopes of the valley sides. At lower altitudes it shares the hillsides with other cacti including //Corryocactus chachapoyensis, Melocactus bellavistensis//, //Borzicactus hutchisonii //and //Browningia altissima//. In my original article, I misidentified this taxon as //Espostoa calva//, a species I had not seen at the time and, although also naked, //E. calva// has greener stems and a cephalium with yellow-brown wool. //E. utcubambensis// makes a tree up to 9m high, the tallest species in the genus. In places, it makes dense stands on the steep rocky slopes of the valley sides. At lower altitudes it shares the hillsides with other cacti including //Corryocactus chachapoyensis, Melocactus bellavistensis//, //Borzicactus hutchisonii //and //Browningia altissima//.
  
-This is a rare plant in cultivation. Young individuals look like //Weberbauerocereus// and would certainly look out of place in an Espostoa class on the show bench. I first saw top cuts of this at DeHerdt's nursery in the early 70's. It was described as 'species Utcubamaba' and a few seedlings came into cultivation. Seed of what I believe is the same plant was distributed as //Thrixanthocereus jelinkyanus// n.n. KK282. The seedlings certainly look very similar to those I have grown from habitat collected seed.+This is a rare plant in cultivation. Young individuals look like //Weberbauerocereus// and would certainly look out of place in an Espostoa class on the show bench. I first saw top cuts of this at DeHerdt's nursery in the early 70's. It was described as 'species Utcubamaba' and a few seedlings came into cultivation. Seed of the same plant was distributed as //Thrixanthocereus jelinkyanus// n.n. KK282. The resulting seedlings certainly look very similar to those I have grown from habitat collected seed and are clearly the same plant.
  
 =====References===== =====References=====
  
-  * Backeberg, C. (1937) //Blätter für Kakteenforschung, Nachtrag 15//+  * Backeberg, C. (1937) //Blätter für Kakteenforschung, //Nachtrag 15 
 +    
   * ---    (1950) Cact.& Succ.J.(US) XXII(5): 154 //Nova genera et subgenera//   * ---    (1950) Cact.& Succ.J.(US) XXII(5): 154 //Nova genera et subgenera//
 +    
   * ---    (1960) //Die Cactaceae// Band IV   * ---    (1960) //Die Cactaceae// Band IV
 +    
   * ---    (1962) //Die Cactaceae// Band VI   * ---    (1962) //Die Cactaceae// Band VI
 +    
   * Borg, J. (1937) p.153 //Cacti//    * Borg, J. (1937) p.153 //Cacti// 
 +    
   * Britton, N. L.& Rose, J. N. (1920) //The Cactaceae// Volume II   * Britton, N. L.& Rose, J. N. (1920) //The Cactaceae// Volume II
 +    
   * Charles, G. (2003) BCSJ 21(2): 69-74 //A new species of Espostoa from Peru//   * Charles, G. (2003) BCSJ 21(2): 69-74 //A new species of Espostoa from Peru//
-  * Hunt, D., Taylor, N. & Charles, G. The New Cactus Lexicon (2006)+     
 +  * Hunt, D., Taylor, N. & Charles, G. //The New Cactus Lexicon// (2006) 
 +   
   * Madsen, J. (1989) Flora of Ecuador No35, Part 45// Cactaceae//   * Madsen, J. (1989) Flora of Ecuador No35, Part 45// Cactaceae//
 +   
   * ---    & Aguirre, M.Z. (2004) //Cactus novelties from southern Ecuador// Nordic Journal of Botany   * ---    & Aguirre, M.Z. (2004) //Cactus novelties from southern Ecuador// Nordic Journal of Botany
 +   
   * Rauh, W. (1958) //Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Peruvianischen Kakteenvegetation//   * Rauh, W. (1958) //Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Peruvianischen Kakteenvegetation//
-  * Ritter, F. (1980) //Kakteen in Südamerika// Band 2 +    
-  * ---     (1981) //Kakteen in Südamerika// Band 4+  * Ritter, F. (1981) //Kakteen in Südamerika// Band 4 
 +   
   * Taylor, N. P. (1978) Cact.& Succ.J.(GB) 40(2): 54 //Espostoa senilis//   * Taylor, N. P. (1978) Cact.& Succ.J.(GB) 40(2): 54 //Espostoa senilis//
 +   
   * Werdermann, E. (1937) Kakteenkunde 1: 4 //Cephalocereus (?) Blossfeldiorum Werd.nov.spec.//   * Werdermann, E. (1937) Kakteenkunde 1: 4 //Cephalocereus (?) Blossfeldiorum Werd.nov.spec.//
  
Ligne 196: Ligne 211:
 ---- ----
  
 +Graham Charles, Briars Bank, Fosters Bridge, Ketton, Stamford, PE9 3BF England 
  
 +E-mail: [[mailto:graham.charles@btinternet.com|graham.charles@btinternet.com]]
  
  
espostoa_britton_et_rose_v2.txt · Dernière modification : 2015/10/22 16:24 de 127.0.0.1